NEET PG Rapid Revision
Paediatrics One-Liners for NEET PG: Rapid Revision
High-yield paediatrics one-liners for NEET PG covering neonatology, growth and development, infectious diseases, genetic disorders and paediatric emergencies.
MedNext Academy | 6 min read
Paediatrics One-Liners for NEET PG: Rapid Revision
High-yield paediatrics one-liners for NEET PG covering neonatology, growth and development, infectious diseases, genetic disorders and paediatric emergencies.
Paediatrics: rapid revision one-liners for NEET PG
Paediatrics in NEET PG covers neonatology, growth and development, nutrition, infectious diseases, congenital anomalies and paediatric emergencies. Questions focus on clinical scenarios involving children and neonates, with emphasis on age-specific presentations and management.
These one-liners cover the most testable facts from neonatology to adolescent medicine, with particular emphasis on developmental milestones, vaccine schedules and classic paediatric conditions.
Must-know one-liners
- Birth weight doubles by 5 months and triples by 1 year; quadruples by 2 years
- Birth length increases by 50% at 1 year (from ~50 cm to ~75 cm)
- Head circumference at birth is approximately 35 cm; increases by 12 cm in the first year
- Posterior fontanelle closes by 2-3 months; anterior fontanelle closes by 12-18 months
- Social smile appears at 2 months; it is the earliest social milestone
- Pincer grasp develops at 9-12 months; palmar grasp at 4-5 months
- A child walks independently at 12-15 months; runs at 18-24 months
- First words (mama, dada with meaning) appear at 12 months; 2-word sentences at 2 years
- Moro reflex disappears by 3-4 months; parachute reflex appears at 8-9 months and persists
- APGAR score is assessed at 1 and 5 minutes after birth: Appearance, Pulse, Grimace, Activity, Respiration; each scored 0-2
- Neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (HMD): preterm babies, surfactant deficiency, ground-glass appearance on X-ray; treated with surfactant replacement
- Meconium aspiration syndrome: term/post-term babies; patchy infiltrates on X-ray; tracheal suctioning if non-vigorous at birth
- Neonatal jaundice: physiological jaundice appears after 24 hours and peaks at day 3-5; pathological jaundice appears within 24 hours
- Kernicterus is bilirubin encephalopathy due to severe unconjugated hyperbilirubinaemia; treated with phototherapy and exchange transfusion
- Exchange transfusion is done with double volume (160 mL/kg) of cross-matched blood
- Neonatal sepsis: early-onset (< 72 hours) is due to GBS and E. coli; late-onset (> 72 hours) includes Staphylococcus and Klebsiella
- Breast milk is the best source of nutrition for infants; exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months
- Complementary feeding should be started at 6 months of age while continuing breastfeeding up to 2 years or beyond
- Kawasaki disease: fever > 5 days + 4 of 5 criteria (conjunctival injection, oral changes, rash, extremity changes, cervical lymphadenopathy); risk of coronary artery aneurysm
- Treatment of Kawasaki disease: IVIG (2 g/kg single dose) + high-dose aspirin; echocardiography for coronary artery assessment
- Henoch-Schonlein purpura: IgA-mediated vasculitis; palpable purpura on buttocks and lower limbs, abdominal pain, arthritis, renal involvement
- Nephrotic syndrome in children: minimal change disease is the most common cause; responds to corticosteroids
- Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis: 1-3 weeks after streptococcal pharyngitis or 3-6 weeks after skin infection; ASO titre elevated
- Febrile seizures: most common seizure disorder in children (6 months to 5 years); simple febrile seizures are < 15 minutes, generalised and occur once in 24 hours
- Most common congenital heart disease: ventricular septal defect (VSD); most common cyanotic CHD: tetralogy of Fallot
- Tetralogy of Fallot: VSD + right ventricular outflow tract obstruction + overriding aorta + right ventricular hypertrophy; boot-shaped heart on X-ray
- Tet spells (cyanotic spells) in TOF: treated with knee-chest position, oxygen, morphine, IV fluids and phenylephrine
- Transposition of great arteries: egg-on-string appearance on X-ray; cyanosis from birth; prostaglandin E1 to keep ductus arteriosus open; arterial switch is definitive
- Patent ductus arteriosus: continuous machinery murmur; treated with indomethacin/ibuprofen (closure) in preterm; surgical ligation if medical therapy fails
- Coarctation of aorta: upper limb hypertension with weak/absent femoral pulses; rib notching on X-ray (Roesler sign); associated with Turner syndrome
- Down syndrome (trisomy 21): flat facies, epicanthal folds, single palmar crease, sandal gap; endocardial cushion defect (AV canal) is the most common cardiac anomaly
- Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18): clenched fists with overlapping fingers, rocker-bottom feet, micrognathia; most die within first year
- Patau syndrome (trisomy 13): cleft lip/palate, polydactyly, holoprosencephaly, microphthalmos
- Turner syndrome (45,X): short stature, webbed neck, shield chest, coarctation of aorta, streak gonads; lymphoedema at birth
- Klinefelter syndrome (47,XXY): tall, eunuchoid, gynaecomastia, small testes, infertility; elevated FSH
- Cystic fibrosis: autosomal recessive; CFTR gene mutation; sweat chloride > 60 mEq/L is diagnostic; Pseudomonas aeruginosa colonisation
- Duchenne muscular dystrophy: X-linked; dystrophin absent; calf pseudohypertrophy, Gower sign; elevated CK; wheelchair by 12 years
- Pyloric stenosis: non-bilious projectile vomiting at 3-6 weeks; male predominance; olive-shaped mass in RUQ; ultrasound shows thickened pylorus (muscle > 4 mm, length > 16 mm)
- Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (Bochdalek): left-sided in 85%; scaphoid abdomen, absent breath sounds on affected side; respiratory distress at birth
- Tracheo-oesophageal fistula: most common type (Type C/Gross type C) has proximal oesophageal atresia with distal fistula; presents with drooling, coughing on first feed; cannot pass NG tube
- Wilms tumour (nephroblastoma): most common renal malignancy in children; large flank mass; do not biopsy before surgery (risk of tumour spillage)
- Neuroblastoma: most common extracranial solid tumour in children; arises from neural crest cells (adrenal medulla); elevated urinary VMA and HVA
- Retinoblastoma: most common intraocular malignancy in children; leukocoria (cat eye reflex); Rb gene deletion on chromosome 13q14
- Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most common childhood cancer overall; peak age 2-5 years; good prognosis with chemotherapy
- Iron supplementation in infants: recommended from 6 months in exclusively breastfed infants (breast milk is low in iron)
- Vitamin K prophylaxis is given to all newborns (1 mg IM) to prevent haemorrhagic disease of the newborn
- ORS (oral rehydration solution) is the cornerstone of management of dehydration in children with diarrhoea; zinc supplementation for 14 days
- IMNCI danger signs in sick young infants (0-2 months): not able to feed, convulsions, fast breathing (>= 60/min), severe chest indrawing, fever or hypothermia
- Measles: Koplik spots on buccal mucosa (pathognomonic); 4-day fever then maculopapular rash spreading from face downward; complications include pneumonia, encephalitis and SSPE
- Chicken pox (varicella): crops of vesicles at different stages (centripetal distribution); dew drop on rose petal appearance; Reye syndrome risk with aspirin
How to use these one-liners
Group paediatric one-liners into neonatology, developmental milestones, infectious diseases, congenital anomalies and paediatric oncology. Start each session with developmental milestones -- these are asked directly and are easy marks if memorised.
For congenital heart diseases, draw the hemodynamic pathway for each defect while reading the one-liner. This visual approach makes the clinical presentation and management much more intuitive.
Key mnemonics
Tetralogy of Fallot -- 4 components: VSD, RVOT obstruction, Overriding aorta, RV hypertrophy. Boot-shaped heart.
APGAR: Appearance (colour), Pulse, Grimace (reflex), Activity (tone), Respiration.
Down syndrome cardiac defect: Endocardial cushion defect (AV canal) is the most common, but VSD is also frequent. Remember: Down = cushion defect.
Revision schedule
Paediatrics one-liners should be revised every 3 days. Spend one session on neonatology and developmental milestones, another on congenital anomalies and genetic syndromes, and a third on infections and paediatric emergencies. In the last week, do a complete run-through every other day.
Frequently Asked Questions
How many paediatrics questions appear in NEET PG?
Typically 15-20 questions. Neonatology, developmental milestones, congenital heart diseases, genetic syndromes and childhood infections are the most commonly tested areas.
How detailed should I know developmental milestones?
Know the key milestones at 2, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18 and 24 months for gross motor, fine motor, language and social domains. This level of detail is sufficient for most exam questions.
Are vaccine schedule questions asked under paediatrics too?
Yes, vaccine questions can appear under paediatrics or PSM. Know the UIP schedule thoroughly, including recent additions like PCV and rotavirus.
How important is paediatric oncology?
Know the most common childhood cancers (ALL, neuroblastoma, Wilms tumour, retinoblastoma) with their presentations, tumour markers and basic management. Expect 1-2 questions from this area.
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