Pathology Cheat Sheet
Space, Pressure, and Mass
Renal cysts, stones and tumours for NEET-PG: ADPKD PKD1, calcium oxalate and struvite stones, clear cell RCC VHL, Wilms tumour, and urothelial carcinoma.
MedNext Academy | 3 min read
Space, Pressure, and Mass
Renal cysts, stones and tumours for NEET-PG: ADPKD PKD1, calcium oxalate and struvite stones, clear cell RCC VHL, Wilms tumour, and urothelial carcinoma.
Cystic disease of the kidney, renal stones and obstruction, and the tumours of the kidney and urinary tract.
High-yield lines
- Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is caused by PKD1 or PKD2 mutations and presents in adults with bilateral enlarged cystic kidneys.
- Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is associated with berry aneurysms, hepatic cysts, and hypertension.
- Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease presents in infancy with enlarged kidneys and congenital hepatic fibrosis.
- Calcium oxalate stones are the most common renal calculi and are radiopaque.
- Struvite stones form staghorn calculi in urease-producing infections and are associated with alkaline urine.
- Uric acid stones are radiolucent and form in acidic urine and hyperuricaemia.
- Renal cell carcinoma is the most common renal malignancy in adults and arises from tubular epithelium.
- Clear cell renal cell carcinoma is the most common subtype and is linked to VHL gene loss on chromosome 3p.
- Renal cell carcinoma invades the renal vein and can present with paraneoplastic syndromes.
- Wilms tumour is the most common renal tumour of childhood.
- Urothelial carcinoma of the bladder is linked to smoking and aromatic amine exposure and often presents with painless haematuria.
- Schistosomiasis of the bladder predisposes to squamous cell carcinoma.
Mapped competency codes
- PA28.12
- PA28.13
- PA28.14
- PA28.15
- PA28.16
Continue into the full chapter
This summary maps to PA28-urinary-tract.
Frequently Asked Questions
What are the features of autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease?
PKD1 or PKD2 mutations causing bilateral enlarged cystic kidneys in adults, associated with berry aneurysms, hepatic cysts, and hypertension.
What is the most common type of renal stone?
Calcium oxalate stones, which are radiopaque, while struvite stones form staghorn calculi in urease-producing infections and uric acid stones are radiolucent.
What gene is associated with clear cell renal cell carcinoma?
The VHL tumour suppressor gene on chromosome 3p, whose loss is characteristic of the most common clear cell subtype.
What is the classic presentation of urothelial carcinoma?
Painless haematuria, with risk factors including smoking and occupational aromatic amine exposure.
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